The change in the characteristic and quality of soil which adversely affect its fertility is called as degradation. Environmental degradation can be a result of the dynamic interplay of socioeconomic, institutional and technological activities carried out by the human. Land degradation in arid, semiarid and dry subhumid areas as a basic result of adverse human conduct. The major causes of land degradation include, land clearance poor farming practices, overgrazing, inappropriate irrigation, urban sprawl, and commercial development, land pollution including industrial waste and quarrying of stone, sand and. Analysis of climate and land use changes impacts on land. Causes of land degradation land degradation, in terms of degradation of soil and water resources, is partially or. Land degradation food and agriculture organization of the united. These susceptible drylands cover 40 percent of the earths surface and puts at risk more than 1 billion people who are dependent on these lands for survival. It would not be wrong to say that rising human demands, as well as hunger, is also a major factor driving the environmental degradation. To comprehensively and quantitatively analyze the land degradation process, this paper employed the normalized difference vegetation index ndvi as a proxy to assess land degradation. All these have raised a question mark on the availability of natural resources. In a series of posts on this topic, i plan to cover the causes of land degradation and its implications on the environment and human society. Land degradation in the upper east region of ghana, west africa. However, data on regionallocal impacts particularly that combine its.
But the biggest factor is the expansion of industrial farming. The latest land degradation news is included at the foot of the page. The results indicated that the five land use types affected land degradation differently. The magnitude and significance of impact on environment due to mining varies from mineral to mineral and also on the potential of the surrounding. In drylands, land degradation is known as desertification. Both poverty and environmental degradation have been increasing in many developing countries, hence there is a pressing need first to evaluate and analyze the povertyenvironmental degradation nexus, and second, to prescribe policy options to mitigate or eradicate these two problems. The causes of rangeland degradation in many developing countries are complex, but we stress that it can be both a cause and a result of open conflicts. Cause of land degradation and its impacts on livelihoods of. Degradation of environment causes effects pollution. The map of the study area is presented on the next page. The result is a loss of land productivity with impacts on livelihoods and. A case study on keyain village of munshigonj district. Summary of legal aspects of mergers, consolidations, and transfers of assets the duty that is most pertinent to the approval of mergers and consolidations, however, is the duty of care. A study on the efficiency effects of bank mergers in the united states,49 which summarizes nine case studies, reports that all nine mergers resulted in significant cost cutting in line with pre merger projections, although only four of the mergers were clearly successful in improving cost efficiency.
The use of customary slm practices, both in forested areas and in agricultural and pastoral regions, officially supported by government programmes and by local community participation, as well as regulatory frameworks, have the potential to reduce the causes and effects of land degradation processes, and therefore contribute to znld. These poor communities often lack medical, education, and market opportunities, leading to more isolated conditions and discontent. Soil degradation is, in itself, an indicator of land degradation. In this report, land degradation is defined as a negative trend 4 in land condition, caused by direct or indirect humaninduced processes including anthropogenic. Cause and effects of land degradation environmental sciences. Land degradation results from the combined effects of processes such as loss of biological diversity and vegetative cover, soil loss nutrient imbalance, decline in soil organic matter and decrease of infiltration and water retention capacity. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of land use change on the. The effect of deterrents on land degradation only applies in those areas using land extensively. It is estimated that 2535% of drylands are already degraded, with over 250 million people directly affected and about one billion people in over one hundred countries at risk. The combination of the two gives an idea of the overall level of land degradation, allowing for some preliminary analysis of the main causes and also to define a rough prioritization for interventions. It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. It results into reduced growth of vegetation, reduced diversity of plant species, excessive growth of unwanted plant species, soil erosion, and degradation of land due to cattle movement. As you read on, consider what ways humanity can do things differently to reverse this land degradation.
Abu sayeed during the last few years the agriculture sector is facing danger in many ways. The magnitude and significance of impact on environment due to mining varies from mineral to mineral and also on the potential of the surrounding environment to absorb the negative effects of mining, geographical disposition of mineral deposits and size of mining operations. Of course it is a well known fact that more than 60% of mergersacquisitions fail to achieve their planned. Given the negative consequences of land degradation, academics and. Mining mining causes land degradation by the way it works, mainly by open cut mines mines that are not underground.
Overgrazing refers to excessive eating of grasses and other green plants by cattle. This process is even more marked when the soil is highly vulnerable, when the climate has a heavier impact in dryland areas, this. The process of reversing desertification is a difficult one, with the bulk of difficulty arising from the interactions between issues with plant cover, soil compaction, and water infiltration. In turn, unsustainable land use is driving land degradation. This section looks at a land degradation definition, causes of land degradation, effects of land degradation, land degradation solutions and land degradation facts. Destruction of vegetation, soil erosion and land degradation are the most. In order to clarify what is meant by land degradation and to quantify its global extent, the food and agriculture organisation and the. Both extent and severity of the problem of land degradation spatial variations depending on different relief, ecology, rainfall, land use, land cover and soil types being as proximate and underlying causes.
Land degradationthe deterioration or loss of the productive capacity of the soils for present and futureis a global challenge that affects everyone through food insecurity, higher food prices, climate change, environmental hazards, and the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Principal processes of land degradation include erosion by water and wind, chemical degradation comprising acidification, salinization, leaching etc. Different processes of land degradation also confound the available statistics on soil and or land degradation. While the direct cause of land degradation is mismanagement. The merge is repeated in this way until all individuals are grouped. Soil quality decline is one of the main causes of land degradation and is considered to be responsible for 84% of the ever diminishing acreage. Land degradation as the land use section earlier in this chapter shows, demands on the land for economic development and pressures from a burgeoning population are leading to unprecedented land use change. The importance of land degradation in calabar south is enhanced because of its impact on food security and quality of the environments. Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability.
The study was undertaken to examine the effect of land degradation on agricultural activities in ethiope east local government area of delta state. History, nature, causes, consequences, and solutions conacher, arthur encyclopedia of life support systems eolss the early initiation and growth of urban civilizations in mesopotamia in the later part of. Unesco eolss sample chapters water resources management vol. Land degradation is a global issue for a number of reasons but most significantly because productive land is one of several resources where a reducing supply threatens our capacity to feed a growing world population estimated to be over 9 billion by 2050. Cause and effects of land degradation environmental. Mitigate the causes and negative effects of land degradation on the. Deforestation causes fast degradation when the soil is steep sloppy or easily erodible. Erosioncrop productivity relationships for soils of africa. As a member, youll also get unlimited access to over 79,000 lessons in math, english, science, history, and more. Sustainable and successful intervention requires clear understanding of the nature of the problem. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select six communities mostly affected by land degradation and a total of sixty respondents farmers was use for the study.
Land is a vital resource to humankind, like air and water. Read this article to learn about the meaning, factors responsible, prevention and control measures of land degradation. Pdf the aim of the present study was to determine the factors that effected the beginning. Degradation in gef3 20022006, looking towards more evidencebased implementation based upon good science in gef4 20062010. Oct 01, 2016 it has lead to a phenomenon called land degradation. Pdf photovoltaic pv modules are subject to climateinduced degradation that can affect their efficiency, stability, and operating lifetime. Destruction of natural vegetation cover is a major factor responsible for erosion of soils by water and wind. The soil integrates a variety of important processes involving vegetation growth, overland flow of water, infiltration, land use and land management.
Desertification has been defined as land degradation in arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities11. The causes of land degradation in this category will require immediate application. Soil degradation is the loss of lands production capacity in terms of loss of soil fertility, soil biodiversity, and degradation. The main outcome of land degradation is a substantial reduction in the productivity of land. Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of humaninduced processes acting upon the land. Causes and impacts of land degradation and desertification. In general, the a priori predictions on the effects of mergers on labour demand are ambiguous.
As the effective time, in addition to the effects of the merger provided in the effect of the merger clause, elsewhere in this agreement, and under relevant state statute, the surviving company shall assume. However, the controversy over the cause of land degradation in africa has led to a number. Research on the importance of secondary consolidation in. At about 50 percent of the total land use, agriculture is one of the biggest uses of land on our. Types of land degradation in bhutan 89 has assisted communities to plan local remedial action plans nec, 2000. Degradation of natural resources is one of the subjects of prime concern that the world is facing today.
The causes and effects of mergers and acquisitions. Year after year, huge acres of land lost due to soil erosion, contamination and pollution. Thus, arthur and jeanette conacher defined land degradation as alterations to all aspects of the biophysical environment by human actions to the. The condition of the soil is one of the best indicators of land degradation.
Summary of legal aspects of mergers, consolidations, and. The ipbes assessment report on land degradation and restoration. Land degradation causes losses to agricultural productivity in many parts of the world. Land degradation in the upper east region of ghana, west africa richard ashaley executive directorsenior research fellow center for policy integration and resources managemnt cpirm rural urban partnership for africa rupfa the upper east region is the smallest and yet, one of the poorest in the country. Desertification is land degradation occurring in arid, semiarid and dry subhumid areas of the world.
When land is degraded there can be serious effects such as erosion, loss of soil fertility, reduced crop yields, flooding and water shortages. There are very, very few places on land that humans havent yet used in some way for our activities directly or indirectly. Still land degradation lingers and presents the greatest threat to the survival of the nation d. The major causes of land degradation in australia are those to do with agriculture and industry, things like mining, deforestation, livestock and soil contamination. In his book coming famine, julian cribb points out that of the 1. Degradation of natural resources causes, facts and its effects. Soil degradation causes include agricultural, industrial, and commercial pollution. Pdf the causes and effects of degradation of encapsulant. Land degradation is defined as the temporary or permanent decline in the productive capacity of the land, and the diminution of the productive potential, including its major land uses e. History, nature, causes, consequences, and solutions conacher, arthur encyclopedia of life support systems eolss above.
The term desertification has in the meantime been broadened to almost all forms of land degradation and is even used to include resource degradation in humid areas. Land degradation intruduction land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of humaninduced processes acting upon the land. Status and trends of land degradation and restoration horizon ird. The causes of dry land degradation are complex, and may be the product of.
The truth is that the present maninduced or anthropogenic factors are causing many times more damages to the environment than their natural counterpart. Cause of land degradation and its impacts on livelihoods. Pdf impacts of anthropogenic factors on land degradation during. Pdf effects of land use change on land degradation reflected. The land degradation processes include soil erosion, nutrient depletion, salinization, desertification and soil acidification or alkalinisation. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you succeed. Trends can be either negative degradation or positive improvement. According to global assessment of soil degradation glasod, deforestation is the main cause of soil erosion by wind in about 98% of the area. Urbanisation, climate change, erosion and forest loss are all causes of land degradation. Soil science society of america journal, 59, 661667. The direct cause of land degradation is mismanagement of the land by man. Among the variety of uses, the ones that top the list in terms of.
Conversion of agricultural land in nonagricultural uses is one of the main reasons to follow. Of the total, 25% of land area is highly degraded, 8% moderately or slightly degraded, 36% stable and 10% improving faostate of the worlds land and water resources for food and agriculture. The terms of reference for this study are to provide gefstap with. Land degradation leads to the reduction or loss of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of land. Land is probably the most used natural resource in the world. Land degradation can be viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable eswaran, 2001. The land degradation assessment in drylands lada project was launched. Soil erosion is a natural process that removes soil from the land. The increasing human population has given birth to the evils like the increase in pollution levels, deforestation, excessive use of nonrenewable resources, etc. Land degradation is a complex process which involves both the natural ecosystem and the socioeconomic system, among which climate and land use changes are the two predominant driving factors. Degradation of natural resources causes, facts and its. Axle load and tillage effects on soil degradation and rehabilitation in. Oct 07, 2017 the use of customary slm practices, both in forested areas and in agricultural and pastoral regions, officially supported by government programmes and by local community participation, as well as regulatory frameworks, have the potential to reduce the causes and effects of land degradation processes, and therefore contribute to znld. Jun 01, 2016 the following are many of the major causes of land degradation that have led to problems for our earth.
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